Salmon P. Chase
was a U.S. senator, Ohio governor, U.S. Treasury secretary, and
U.S. Supreme Court chief justice. Because he was a longtime advocate of abolition and
black civil rights, his appointment as chief justice of the U.S.
Supreme Court in December 1864 helped ease fears that wartime
emancipation measures would be ruled unconstitutional.
Chase was born January 13, 1808, in
Cornish, New Hampshire, to Janette Ralston Chase and Ithamar
Chase, a tavern-keeper and glassmaker. His father died when
Salmon was nine, so the child was placed in the care of his
uncle, Philander Chase, a well-known Episcopal bishop in Ohio
and, later, founder of Kenyon College. After studying at the
bishop’s school, followed by a year at Cincinnati College, young
Chase returned to New Hampshire and graduated Phi Beta Kappa
from Dartmouth College in 1826. He then moved to Washington, D.
C., where he taught school and read law under William Wirt, the
U.S. attorney general. Chase was admitted to the bar in 1829 and
opened a law practice in Cincinnati. He won praise for his
annotated collection of the Statutes of Ohio (3 vols.),
which soon became the authoritative reference work in the state
judicial system.
In 1834, Chase defended abolitionist editor and activist
James Birney for harboring a runaway slave. Chase became
convinced that slavery was a sin and that blacks deserved equal
civil rights with whites. He soon began defending the slaves
themselves, causing his opponents to call him the “attorney
general for fugitive slaves.” Beginning in 1841, he associated
with the Liberty Party, and then joined the Free-Soil Party in
1848. In 1849, a coalition of Free-Soil and Democratic state
legislators elected him to represent Ohio in the U. S. Senate
(1849-1855).
In the Senate, Chase vehemently condemned the fugitive slave
bill that became part of the
Compromise of 1850.
In 1853, he sponsored legislation authorizing land surveys for
possible transcontinental railroad routes. The
Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854, which opened the Western territories
to slavery, provoked him to organize political opposition to it
in Ohio, which soon became the new Republican Party. As a
Republican, he was elected governor of Ohio in 1855, and
reelected in 1857. The office had limited authority, and he had
to work with a Democratic legislature during his second term.
However, he was able to reform the state militia, which proved
valuable during the Civil War.
Chase’s political goal was to become president of the United
States, but he failed to gain the Republican nomination in 1856,
1860, or 1864. The Ohio legislature decided to return him to the
U. S. Senate in 1861, where he served just two days before
resigning to become Lincoln’s secretary of the treasury. During
the Civil War, he faced the daunting task of financing the Union
war effort and maintaining the nation’s solvency. He created a
national banking system, issued fiat money, and established an
Internal Revenue Division.
Chase was a constant critic of Lincoln’s policies, inundating
the president with unsolicited advice and proffering his
resignation four times in fits of pique. In late 1863- early
1864, a group of radical Republicans turned to Chase as an
alternative to Lincoln for presidency. However, the Chase “boom”
collapsed within a few months. In June 1864, the treasury
secretary once again offered the president his resignation. That
time, Lincoln accepted it. When Supreme Court Chief Justice
Roger Taney became fatally ill in the late summer, Chase hoped
for a promise from Lincoln for the appointment, but the
president hesitated. Taking the hint, Chase began campaigning
for the president’s reelection. Taney died in early October
1864, and two months later the reelected president appointed
Chase to the coveted position, which he held until his death in
1873.
In one of his first acts as chief justice, Chase authorized
John Rock as the first African-American attorney to argue cases
before the Supreme Court. In March 1868, Chase presided over the
removal trial of the impeached President Johnson
in the U.S. Senate. The chief justice brought to the trial a
much-needed air of dignity and impartiality. As the first
impeachment trial of a president under the Constitution, Chase
realized that the procedure would set important precedents. He
insisted that the Senate conduct itself as a court of law, not
as a legislative body.
During his tenure as chief justice, Chase was unable to forge
a solid majority and often found himself in dissent on such
important cases as Ex parte Milligan (1866), Bradwell
v. Illinois (1873), and the Slaughterhouse Cases
(1873). However, in Texas v. White (1869), he authored
the majority opinion that ruled secession unconstitutional and
reaffirmed the congressional right to guarantee republican
government in the states. This decision essentially endorsed
congressional control over the Reconstruction process.
In
1868, Chase sought the presidential nomination of the Democratic
Party, but was passed over because of his stance in favor of
voting rights for black men. Thereafter, he largely withdrew
from partisan politics, although he opposed the reelection of
President Ulysses S. Grant in 1872. Salmon P. Chase died in New
York City on May 7, 1873. |